Роль цереброваскулярної реактивності в патогенезі хронічної ішемії мозку (огляд літератури)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30978/UNJ2024-2-3-5Ключові слова:
хронічна ішемія мозку; цереброваскулярна реактивність; судинні чинники ризику; когнітивні функції.Анотація
Хронічну ішемію мозку розглядають як синдром, що розвивається внаслідок хронічного порушення мозкового кровообігу, що повільно прогресує, та призводить до поступового накопичення ішемічних і вторинних дегенеративних змін у головному мозку й розвитку неврологічних та нейропсихологічних порушень, що прогресують. Запропоновано низку чинників, які можуть спричиняти недостатність церебрального кровотоку та розвиток хронічної ішемії мозку або прискорювати прогресування захворювання. Їх можна класифікувати на цереброваскулярні та серцево-судинні чинники й системні захворювання. Функціонування головного мозку в нормі та за патології нерозривно пов’язане з фундаментальною здатністю цереброваскулярної системи узгоджувати кровотік із потребами мозкової тканини. Цереброваскулярна реактивність є важливим показником здатності судин головного мозку збільшувати церебральний кровотік у відповідь на вазоактивний стимул. Існує низка методів, які дають змогу вимірювати цереброваскулярну реактивність. Найпростішим та інформативним є метод транскраніальної доплерографії. Установлено, що цереброваскулярна реактивність відрізняється в різних вікових групах, може змінюватись під впливом циркадних біоритмів та має особливості при різних судинних чинниках ризику, таких як атеросклероз, цукровий діабет, артеріальна гіпертензія тощо. Існують дані щодо впливу змін цереброваскулярної реактивності на когнітивні та нейропсихологічні функції хворих. На підставі проведеного огляду літератури можна припустити, що зміни цереброваскулярної реактивності відіграють важливу роль у розвитку та прогресуванні хронічної ішемії мозку, а подальше вивчення характеру та направленості змін цереброваскулярної реактивності дасть змогу розширити арсенал терапевтичних стратегій у пацієнтів з цією патологією.
Посилання
Demchenko AV. [Khronichna ishemiia mozku (aspekty patohenezu, diahnostyky ta likuvannia): dys. ...d-ra med. nauk: 14.01.15. Nervovi khvoroby]. Nats Med Akademiia pisliadyplom osvity im PL Shupyka. Kyiv. 2017. Ukrainian.
Kovalenko OIe, Lytvyn OV. [Khronichna ishemiia holovnoho mozku yak odna z naiposhyrenishykh patolohii u praktytsi simeinoho likaria ta nevroloha]. Medychna hazeta «Zdorov’ia Ukrainy 21 storichchia». 2020;18(487):32-33. Ukrainian.
Melnyk VS. Tsyrkadnist systemy fibrynolizu u khvorykh na ishemichnyi insult. Ukrainskyi naukovo-medychnyi molodizhnyi zhurnal. 2015;2:40-3. Ukrainian.
Mishchenko TS, Sokolik VV, Mishchenko VM, Darii IV. [Novi mozhlyvosti u likuvanni khvorykh na dystsyrkuliatornu entsefalopatiiu: aktsent na faktor rostu nerviv]. Psykhiatriia, nevrolohiia ta medychna psykholohiia. 2020;13:79-84. http://doi.org/10.26565/2312-5675-2020-13-11. Ukrainian.
Chernii TV, Chernii VI, Svitlytska DV. Khronichna ishemiia holovnoho mozku. Suchasnyi pohliad na problemu. Klinichna ta profilaktychna medytsyna. 2023;3:100-2. http://doi.org/10.31612/2616-4868.3(25).2023.14. Ukrainian.
Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H. Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries. J Neurosurg. 1982 Dec;57(6):769-74. http://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1982.57.6.0769.
Abi Zeid Daou M, Boyd BD, Donahue MJ, Albert K, Taylor WD. Anterior-posterior gradient differences in lobar and cingulate cortex cerebral blood flow in late-life depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2018 Feb;97:1-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.11.005.
Alsop DC, Detre JA, Golay X, Günther M, Hendrikse J, Hernandez-Garcia L, et al. Recommended implementation of arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI for clinical applications: A consensus of the ISMRM perfusion study group and the European consortium for ASL in dementia. Magn Reson Med. 2015 Jan;73(1):102-16. http://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.25197.
Barnes JN, Harvey RE, Miller KB, Jayachandran M, Malterer KR, Lahr BD, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity and vascular activation in postmenopausal women with histories of preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2018 Jan;71(1):110-7. http://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10248.
Barrett-Connor E, Bush TL. Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA. 1991 Apr 10;265(14):1861-7. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1991.03460140089033.
Bartels E. Transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography in routine cerebrovascular diagnostics. Perspect Med. 2012;1:325-30. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.permed.2012.06.001.
Blanco P, Abdo-Cuza A. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in neurocritical care. J Ultrasound. 2018 Mar;21(1):1-16. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40477-018-0282-9.
Blanco P, Blaivas M. Applications of transcranial color-coded sonography in the Emergency Department. J Ultrasound Med. 2017 Jun;36(6):1251-66. http://doi.org/10.7863/ultra.16.04050.
Blanco P. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography: another option besides the blind method. J Ultrasound Med. 2016 Mar;35(3):669-71. http://doi.org/10.7863/ultra.15.12022.
Bomboi G, Castello L, Cosentino F, Giubilei F, Orzi F, Volpe M. Alzheimer’s disease and endothelial dysfunction. Neurol Sci. 2010 Feb;31(1):1-8. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-009-0151-6.
Brayden JE. Potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1996 Dec;23(12):1069-76. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1996.tb01172.x.
Burley CV, Francis ST, Thomas KN, Whittaker AC, Lucas SJE, Mullinger KJ. Contrasting measures of cerebrovascular reactivity between MRI and Doppler: A cross-sectional study of younger and older healthy individuals. Front Physiol. 2021 Apr 12;12:656746. http://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.656746.
Bush TL, Miller VT. Effects of pharmacologic agents used during menopause. In: Mishell DR, ed. Menopause: Physiology and Pharmacology. Chicago, Ill: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc; 1987. P. 187-208.
Caplan LR, Gorelick PB, Hier DB. Race, sex and occlusive cerebrovascular disease: a review. Stroke. 1986 Jul-Aug;17(4):648-55. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.17.4.648.
Carter HH, Atkinson CL, Heinonen IH, et al. Evidence for shear stress-mediated dilation of the internal carotid artery in humans. Hypertension. 2016 Nov;68(5):1217-24. http://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07698.
Catchlove SJ, Parrish TB, Chen Y, Macpherson H, Hughes ME, Pipingas A. Regional cerebrovascular reactivity and cognitive performance in healthy aging. J Exp Neurosci. 2018 Jul 5;12:1179069518785151. http://doi.org/10.1177/1179069518785151.
Chung CC, Pimentel Maldonado DA, Jor’dan AJ, et al. Lower cerebral vasoreactivity as a predictor of gait speed decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Neurol. 2018 Oct;265(10):2267-76. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-8981-x.
Coverdale NS, Badrov MB, Shoemaker JK. Impact of age on cerebrovascular dilation versus reactivity to hypercapnia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017 Jan;37(1):344-55. http://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X15626156.
DeBaun MR, Kirkham FJ. Central nervous system complications and management in sickle cell disease. Blood. 2016 Feb 18;127(7):829-38. http://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-09-618579.
Debette S, Markus HS. The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010 Jul 26;341:c3666. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c3666.
Donders FC. Die Bewegungen des Gehirns und die Veranderungen der Gefassfullung der Pia mater. Schmid’s Fahrbucher 69.5. 1851.
Droste DW, Berger W, Schuler E, Krauss JK. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity in healthy persons during wakefulness and sleep: a transcranial Doppler study. Sleep. 1993 Oct;16(7):603-9. http://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/16.7.603.
Duan W, Chun-Qing Z, Zheng J, Gui L, Huang HQ, Chen KN. Relief of carotid stenosis improves impaired cognition in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2011;71(2):233-43. http://doi.org/10.55782/ane-2011-1843.
Faraci FM, Brian JE Jr. Nitric oxide and the cerebral circulation. Stroke. 1994 Mar;25(3):692-703. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.25.3.692.
Faraci FM, Heistad DD, Mayhan WG. Role of large arteries in regulation of blood flow to brain stem in cats. J Physiol. 1987 Jun;387:115-23. http://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016566.
Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Regulation of large cerebral arteries and cerebral microvascular pressure. Circ Res. 1990 Jan;66(1):8-17. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.66.1.8.
Fisher JA, Mikulis DJ. Cerebrovascular reactivity: purpose, optimizing methods, and limitations to interpretation - a personal 20-year Odyssey of (Re)searching. Front Physiol. 2021 Apr 1;12:629651. http://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.629651.
Fülesdi B, Limburg M, Bereczki D, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity and reserve capacity in type II diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications. 1999 Jul-Aug;13(4):191-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/s1056-8727(99)00044-6.
Gagnon L, Sakadžić S, Lesage F, et al. Quantifying the microvascular origin of BOLD-fMRI from first principles with two-photon microscopy and an oxygen-sensitive nanoprobe. J Neurosci. 2015 Feb 25;35(8):3663-75. http://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3555-14.2015.
Haberman S, Capildeo R, Rose FC. Sex differences in the incidence of cerebrovascular disease. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1981 Mar;35(1):45-50. http://doi.org/10.1136/jech.35.1.45.
Haight TJ, Bryan RN, Erus G, et al. Vascular risk factors, cerebrovascular reactivity, and the default-mode brain network. Neuroimage. 2015 Jul 15;115:7-16. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.039.
Hajjar I, Selim M, Novak P, Novak V. The relationship between nighttime dipping in blood pressure and cerebral hemodynamics in nonstroke patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007 Dec;9(12):929-36. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-6175.2007.07342.x.
Hall ED, Pazara KE, Linseman KL. Sex differences in postischemic neuronal necrosis in gerbils. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1991 Mar;11(2):292-8. http://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1991.61.
Hartl WH, Fürst H. Application of transcranial Doppler sonography to evaluate cerebral hemodynamics in carotid artery disease. Comparative analysis of different hemodynamic variables. Stroke. 1995 Dec;26(12):2293-7. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.26.12.2293.
Heiss WD. Experimental evidence of ischemic thresholds and functional recovery. Stroke. 1992 Nov;23(11):1668-72. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.23.11.1668.
Heistad DD, Marcus ML, Abboud FM. Role of large arteries in regulation of cerebral blood flow in dogs. J Clin Invest. 1978 Oct;62(4):761-8. http://doi.org/10.1172/JCI109187.
Hoiland RL, Ainslie PN. CrossTalk proposal: The middle cerebral artery diameter does change during alterations in arterial blood gases and blood pressure. J Physiol. 2016 Aug 1;594(15):4073-5. http://doi.org/10.1113/JP271981.
Hossmann KA. Viability thresholds and the penumbra of focal ischemia. Ann Neurol. 1994 Oct;36(4):557-65. http://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410360404.
Hund-Georgiadis M, Zysset S, Naganawa S, Norris DG, Von Cramon DY. Determination of cerebrovascular reactivity by means of FMRI signal changes in cerebral microangiopathy: a correlation with morphological abnormalities. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16(2):158-65. http://doi.org/10.1159/000070596.
Intzandt B, Sabra D, Foster C, et al. Higher cardiovascular fitness level is associated with lower cerebrovascular reactivity and perfusion in healthy older adults. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2020 Jul;40(7):1468-81. http://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X19862873.
Ivankovic M, Radman M, Gverovic-Antunica A, Tesanovic S, Trgo G, Demarin V. Influence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus on cerebrovascular reactivity in diabetics with retinopathy. Ann Saudi Med. 2013 Mar-Apr;33(2):130-3. http://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2013.130.
Juttukonda MR, Donahue MJ. Neuroimaging of vascular reserve in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Neuroimage. 2019 Feb 15;187:192-208. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.015.
Kadoi Y, Hinohara H, Kunimoto F, et al. Diabetic patients have an impaired cerebral vasodilatory response to hypercapnia under propofol anesthesia. Stroke. 2003 Oct;34(10):2399-403. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000090471.28672.65.
Kastrup A, Thomas C, Hartmann C, Schabet M. Sex dependency of cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in normal subjects. Stroke. 1997 Dec;28(12):2353-6. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.28.12.2353.
Kawanabe Y, Nauli SM. Endothelin. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011 Jan;68(2):195-203. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-010-0518-0.
Knopman DS, Griswold ME, Lirette ST, Gottesman RF, Kantarci K, Sharrett AR, et al; ARIC Neurocognitive Investigators. Vascular imaging abnormalities and cognition: mediation by cortical volume in nondemented individuals: atherosclerosis risk in communities-neurocognitive study. Stroke. 2015 Feb;46(2):433-40. http://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007847.
Koep JL, Bond B, Barker AR, et al. The relationships between age, sex, and cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia using traditional and kinetic-based analyses in healthy adults. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2022 Oct 1;323(4):H782-H796. http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00300.2022.
Kontos HA, Raper AJ, Patterson JL. Analysis of vasoactivity of local pH, PCO2 and bicarbonate on pial vessels. Stroke. 1977 May-Jun;8(3):358-60. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.8.3.358.
Kuroda S, Houkin K, Kamiyama H, Mitsumori K, Iwasaki Y, Abe H. Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusion: can acetazolamide test predict it? Stroke. 2001 Sep;32(9):2110-6. http://doi.org/10.1161/hs0901.095692.
Lassen NA. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. Physiol Rev. 1959 Apr;39(2):183-238. http://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1959.39.2.183.
Lemke H, de Castro AG, Schlattmann P, Heuser I, Neu P. Cerebrovascular reactivity over time-course — from major depressive episode to remission. J Psychiatr Res. 2010 Feb;44(3):132-6. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.06.010.
Leoni RF, Oliveira IA, Pontes-Neto OM, Santos AC, Leite JP. Cerebral blood flow and vasoreactivity in aging: an arterial spin labeling study. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2017 Mar 23;50(4):e5670. http://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X20175670.
Lerman A, Zeiher AM. Endothelial function: cardiac events. Circulation. 2005 Jan 25;111(3):363-8. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000153339.27064.14.
Li WX, Deng YY, Li F, et al. Icariin, a major constituent of flavonoids from Epimedium brevicornum, protects against cognitive deficits induced by chronic brain hypoperfusion via its anti-amyloidogenic effect in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2015 Nov;138:40-8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2015.09.001.
Liu P, De Vis JB, Lu H. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) MRI with CO2 challenge: A technical review. Neuroimage. 2019 Feb 15;187:104-15. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.047.
Madsen PL, Holm S, Vorstrup S, Friberg L, Lassen NA, Wildschiødtz G. Human regional cerebral blood flow during rapid-eye-movement sleep. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1991 May;11(3):502-7. http://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1991.94.
Matteis M, Troisi E, Monaldo BC, Caltagirone C, Silvestrini M. Age and sex differences in cerebral hemodynamics: a transcranial Doppler study. Stroke. 1998 May;29(5):963-7. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.29.5.963.
Miller KB, Howery AJ, Rivera-Rivera LA, Johnson SC, Rowley HA, Wieben O, Barnes JN. Age-related reductions in cerebrovascular reactivity using 4D Flow MRI. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019 Oct 17;11:281. http://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00281.
Miller KB, Howery AJ, Rivera-Rivera LA, Wieben O, Barnes JN. Sex differences in the cerebral hemodynamic response to hypercapnia in young adults. FASEB J. 2020;34:105009. http://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.01910.
Moreton FC, Cullen B, Delles C, et al. Vasoreactivity in CADASIL: Comparison to structural MRI and neuropsychology. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018 Jun;38(6):1085-95. http://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X17710375.
Murray AD, Staff RT, Shenkin SD, Deary IJ, Starr JM, Whalley LJ. Brain white matter hyperintensities: relative importance of vascular risk factors in nondemented elderly people. Radiology. 2005 Oct;237(1):251-7. http://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2371041496.
Naqvi J, Yap KH, Ahmad G, Ghosh J. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a review of the physical principles and major applications in critical care. Int J Vasc Med. 2013;2013:629378. http://doi.org/10.1155/2013/629378.
Ogasawara K, Ogawa A, Terasaki K, Shimizu H, Tominaga T, Yoshimoto T. Use of cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with symptomatic major cerebral artery occlusion to predict 5-year outcome: comparison of xenon-133 and iodine-123-IMP single-photon emission computed tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002 Sep;22(9):1142-8. http://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200209000-00012.
Ogawa S, Lee TM, Kay AR, Tank DW. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(24):9868-72. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868.
Oyama N, Yagita Y, Sasaki T, et al. An angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker can preserve endothelial function and attenuate brain ischemic damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Neurosci Res. 2010 Oct;88(13):2889-98. http://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.22441.
Park DC, Lautenschlager G, Hedden T, Davidson NS, Smith AD, Smith PK. Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychol Aging. 2002 Jun;17(2):299-320. http://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.17.2.299.
Payan HM, Conrad JR. Carotid ligation in gerbils. Influence of age, sex, and gonads. Stroke. 1977 Mar-Apr;8(2):194-6. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.8.2.194.
Peltonen GL, Harrell JW, Rousseau CL, et al. Cerebrovascular regulation in men and women: stimulus-specific role of cyclooxygenase. Physiol Rep. 2015 Jul;3(7):e12451. http://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12451.
Peng HL, Jensen PE, Nilsson H, Aalkjaer C. Effect of acidosis on tension and [Ca2+]i in rat cerebral arteries: is there a role for membrane potential? Am J Physiol. 1998 Feb;274(2):H655-62. http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.2.H655.
Peng SL, Chen X, Li Y, Rodrigue KM, Park DC, Lu H. Age-related changes in cerebrovascular reactivity and their relationship to cognition: A four-year longitudinal study. Neuroimage. 2018 Jul 1;174:257-262. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.033.
Puisieux F, Monaca P, Deplanque D, Delmaire C, di Pompeo C, Monaca C, Leys D, Pruvo JP, Dewailly P. Relationship between leuko-araiosis and blood pressure variability in the elderly. Eur Neurol. 2001;46(3):115-20. http://doi.org/10.1159/000050783.
Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 16;98(2):676-82. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.2.676.
Rasmussen PM, Aamand R, Weitzberg E, Christiansen M, Østergaard L, Lund TE. APOE gene-dependent BOLD responses to a breath-hold across the adult lifespan. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;24:101955. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101955.
Raut RV, Nair VA, Sattin JA, Prabhakaran V. Hypercapnic evaluation of vascular reactivity in healthy aging and acute stroke via functional MRI. Neuroimage Clin. 2016 Jun 25;12:173-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2016.06.016.
Rennenberg RJ, Kessels AG, Schurgers LJ, van Engelshoven JM, de Leeuw PW, Kroon AA. Vascular calcifications as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009;5(1):185-97. http://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.s4822.
Salthouse TA. The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychol Rev. 1996 Jul;103(3):403-28. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.103.3.403.
Sam K, Peltenburg B, Conklin J, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity and white matter integrity. Neurology. 2016 Nov 29;87(22):2333-9. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003373.
Sarti C, Pantoni L, Bartolini L, Inzitari D. Cognitive impairment and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: what can be learned from experimental models. J Neurol Sci. 2002 Nov 15;203-204:263-6. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(02)00302-7.
Sato K, Sadamoto T, Hirasawa A, et al. Differential blood flow responses to CO2 in human internal and external carotid and vertebral arteries. J Physiol. 2012 Jul 15;590(14):3277-90. http://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.230425.
Schoof J, Lubahn W, Baeumer M, et al. Impaired cerebral autoregulation distal to carotid stenosis/occlusion is associated with increased risk of stroke at cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007 Sep;134(3):690-6. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2007.03.018.
Schreiner PJ, Heiss G, Tyroler HA, Morrisett JD, Davis CE, Smith R. Race and gender differences in the association of Lp(a) with carotid artery wall thickness. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996 Mar;16(3):471-8. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.atv.16.3.471.
Serrador JM, Picot PA, Rutt BK, Shoemaker JK, Bondar RL. MRI measures of middle cerebral artery diameter in conscious humans during simulated orthostasis. Stroke. 2000 Jul;31(7):1672-8. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.31.7.1672.
Shimada K, Kario K. Altered circadian rhythm of blood pressure and cerebrovascular damage. Blood Press Monit. 1997 Dec;2(6):333-8.
Silvestrini M, Pasqualetti P, Baruffaldi R, et al. Cerebrovascular reactivity and cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer disease. Stroke. 2006 Apr;37(4):1010-5. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000206439.62025.97.
Silvestrini M, Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, et al. Impaired cerebral vasoreactivity and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 2000 Apr 26;283(16):2122-7. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.16.2122.
Sivenius J, Laakso M, Penttilä IM, Smets P, Lowenthal A, Riekkinen PJ. The European Stroke Prevention Study: results according to sex. Neurology. 1991 Aug;41(8):1189-92. http://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.41.8.1189.
Stoffers HE, Rinkens PE, Kester AD, Kaiser V, Knottnerus JA. The prevalence of asymptomatic and unrecognized peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Int J Epidemiol. 1996 Apr;25(2):282-90. http://doi.org/10.1093/ije/25.2.282.
Sundt TM Jr, Sharbrough FW, Anderson RE, Michenfelder JD. Cerebral blood flow measurements and electroencephalograms during carotid endarterectomy. J Neurosurg. 1974 Sep;41(3):310-20. http://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1974.41.3.0310.
Sur S, Lin Z, Li Y, et al. Association of cerebrovascular reactivity and Alzheimer pathologic markers with cognitive performance. Neurology. 2020 Aug 25;95(8):e962-e972. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010133.
Taneja K, Liu P, Xu C, et al. Quantitative cerebrovascular reactivity in normal aging: comparison between phase-contrast and arterial spin labeling MRI. Front Neurol. 2020 Jul 31;11:758. http://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00758.
Thomas BP, Yezhuvath US, Tseng BY, et al. Life-long aerobic exercise preserved baseline cerebral blood flow but reduced vascular reactivity to CO2. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013 Nov;38(5):1177-83. http://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24090.
Thomas KN, Lewis NC, Hill BG, Ainslie PN. Technical recommendations for the use of carotid duplex ultrasound for the assessment of extracranial blood flow. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015 Oct;309(7):R707-20. http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00211.2015.
Tucker WJ, Thomas BP, Puzziferri N, et al. Impact of bariatric surgery on cerebral vascular reactivity and cognitive function: a non-randomized pilot study. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2020 Feb 13;6:21. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-00569-2.
Vagal AS, Leach JL, Fernandez-Ulloa M, Zuccarello M. The acetazolamide challenge: techniques and applications in the evaluation of chronic cerebral ischemia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009 May;30(5):876-84. http://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1538.
Valery L Feigin. Anthology of stroke epidemiology in the 20th and 21st centuries: Assessing the past, the present, and envisioning the future. J Stroke. 2019;14(3):223-37. http://doi.org/10.1177/1747493019832996.
van Boxtel MP, Henskens LH, Kroon AA, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure, asymptomatic cerebrovascular damage and cognitive function in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2006 Jan;20(1):5-13. http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001934.
Verbree J, Bronzwaer AS, Ghariq E, et al. Assessment of middle cerebral artery diameter during hypocapnia and hypercapnia in humans using ultra-high-field MRI. J Appl Physiol. 2014 Nov 15;117(10):1084-9. http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00651.2014.
Victor M, Ropper AH. Adams and Victor’s Principles of Neurology. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2002.
Walter U. Transcranial sonography of the cerebral parenchyma: update on clinically relevant applications. Perspect Med. 2012;1:334-43. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.permed.2012.02.014.
Wang C, Reid G, Mackay CE, Hayes G, Bulte DP, Suri S. A systematic review of the association between dementia risk factors and cerebrovascular reactivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023 May;148:105140. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105140.
Wauschkuhn CA, Witte K, Gorbey S, Lemmer B, Schilling L. Circadian periodicity of cerebral blood flow revealed by laser-Doppler flowmetry in awake rats: relation to blood pressure and activity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 Oct;289(4):H1662-8. http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01242.2004.
Webb AJS, Werring DJ. New Insights Into Cerebrovascular Pathophysiology and Hypertension. Stroke. 2022 Apr;53(4):1054-64. http://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.035850.
Willie CK, Macleod DB, Shaw AD, et al. Regional brain blood flow in man during acute changes in arterial blood gases. J Physiol. 2012 Jul 15;590(14):3261-75. http://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228551.
Willie CK, Tzeng YC, Fisher JA, Ainslie PN. Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow. J Physiol. 2014 Mar 1;592(5):841-59. http://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.268953.
Wolf PA, Kannel WB, Cupples LA, D’Agostino RB. Risk factor interaction in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. In: Furlan AJ, ed. The Heart and Stroke. London, England: Springer-Verlag; 1987. P. 331-55.
Wolff H, Lennox W. The cerebral corculation. The effect on pial vessels of variations in the O2 and CO2 content of the blood. Arch Neurol Psychiatry, 23, 1097-1120. http://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1930.02220120002001.
Yamamoto Y, Akiguchi I, Oiwa K, Hayashi M, Ohara T, Ozasa K. The relationship between 24-hour blood pressure readings, subcortical ischemic lesions and vascular dementia. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;19(5):302-8. http://doi.org/10.1159/000084498.
Yatomi Y, Tanaka R, Shimada Y, et al. Type 2 diabetes reduces the proliferation and survival of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in ishchemic white matter lesions. Neuroscience. 2015 Mar 19;289:214-23. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.054.
Yoon SH, Zuccarello M, Rapoport RM. Reversal of hypercapnia induces endothelin-dependent constriction of basilar artery in rabbits with acute metabolic alkalosis. Gen Pharmacol. 2000 Dec;35(6):333-40. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-3623(02)00112-x.
Zhao MY, Woodward A, Fan AP, et al. Reproducibility of cerebrovascular reactivity measurements: A systematic review of neuroimaging techniques. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2022 May;42(5):700-17. http://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X211056702.
Zhou D, Meng R, Li SJ, et al. Advances in chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2018 Jan;24(1):5-17. http://doi.org/10.1111/cns.12780.
Zlokovic BV. Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011 Nov 3;12(12):723-38. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3114.
##submission.downloads##
Опубліковано
Номер
Розділ
Ліцензія
Авторське право (c) 2024 Автори
Ця робота ліцензується відповідно до Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.